Unbalanced omega ratio and omega 3 deficiencies in world makes our immune system less effective to fight with virus and other infections

According to the report of a global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids. majorities of countries in the world are facing the deficiency of essential fatty acids specially of omega 3, this very low level of essential fatty acid leads to increase global risk for chronic disease. Many reports are published about the role of omega 3 on the immune system in health and in diseases, especially those caused by the excessive inflammatory response. Numerous studies have shown that these compounds are immunoregulatory and immunosuppressive and thus may increase susceptibility to infection. They also manipulate the functions of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes, including T and B cells, NK cells, LAK cells and also T regulatory cells. In this article, we made a simple attempt to elucidate the effect of omega-3 deficiency in our immune system, especially during the virus and other infections. In this period of severe virus infections studies on omega3 and its role in immune is of great Interest.

Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Korean toddlers 12–24 months of age with comparison to the dietary recommendations

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adequate dietary fatty acid intake is important for toddlers between 12–24 months of age, as this is a period of dietary transition in conjunction with rapid growth and development; however, actual fatty acid intake during this period seldom has been explored. This study was conducted to assess the intake status of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by toddlers during the 12–24-month period using 2010–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data of 12–24-month-old toddlers (n = 544) was used to estimate the intakes of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6), as well as the major dietary sources of each. The results were compared with the expected intake for exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life and available dietary recommendations. RESULTS: Mean daily intakes of ALA, EPA, DHA, LA, and AA were 529.9, 22.4, 37.0, 3907.6, and 20.0 mg/day, respectively. Dietary intakes of these fatty acids fell below the expected intake for 0–5-month-old exclusively breastfed infants. In particular, DHA and AA intakes were 4 to 5 times lower. The dietary assessment indicated that the mean intake of essential fatty acids ALA and LA was below the European and the FAO/WHO dietary recommendations, particularly for DHA, which was approximately 30% and 14–16% lower, respectively. The key sources of the essential fatty acids, DHA, and AA were soy (28.2%), fish (97.3%), and animals (53.7%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the prevailing view of DHA and AA requirements on early brain development, there remains considerable room for improvement in their intakes in the diets of Korean toddlers. Further studies are warranted to explore how increasing dietary intakes of DHA and AA could benefit brain development during infancy and early childhood.

Horse meat: production, consumption and nutritional value / Carne equina: producción, consumo y valor nutricional / Carne equino: produçã o, consumo e valor nutriciona

Meat is one of the major sources of nutrients in human food, for its contribution of high-biological value protein. Recently, there has been an interest in meats from alternative sources, other than bovine, swine and poultry. This article analyzes the main features of the production and consumption of horse-meat, and presents its composition and nutritional value, in order to increase awareness of producers and consumers on this potential source of red meat. The equine species supplies 0.25% of the world meat production. The main producers of horse-meat are China, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Russia and Argentina, while Mongolia, Switzerland, Italy, Kazakhstan and Russia are the largest consumers. Horse-meat contains significant amounts of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, it is a valuable source of minerals (mainly iron, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium and copper) and essential (lysine, leucine and arginine) and no essential amino acids (glutamic acid, aspartic acid and alanine). These nutritional characteristics make horse-meat an interesting protein source for human consumption. However, due to cultural and social reasons, and because of the mistrust generated by the illegal practices in the slaughter and marketing activities, its consumption has been questioned in many countries. Therefore, it is necessary to implement strategies allowing the standardization of the productive chain of this type of meat, in order to obtain a food product with the quality standards required by the market and consumers.

La carne es una de las principales fuentes de nutrientes en la alimentación humana, por su aporte de proteína de alto valor biológico. Recientemente se ha presentado un interés en fuentes alternativas de carne diferentes a la bovina, porcina y aviar. Este artículo analiza las principales características de la producción y consumo de carne equina, y presenta su composición nutricional, con el fin de aumentar el conocimiento de productores y consumidores sobre esta fuente potencial de carne roja. La especie equina abastece el 0,25% de la producción mundial de carne. Los principales países productores de carne equina son China, Kazajistán, México, Rusia y Argentina, mientras que Mongolia, Suiza, Italia, Kazajistán y Rusia son los mayores consumidores. La carne equina contiene importantes cantidades de ácidos grasos mono y poliinsaturados. Además, es una fuente valiosa de minerales (principalmente hierro, fósforo, zinc, magnesio y cobre) y de aminoácidos esenciales (lisina, leucina y arginina) y no esenciales (ácido glutámico, ácido aspártico y alanina). Estas características nutricionales hacen de la carne equina una fuente proteica interesante para la alimentación humana. Sin embargo, por razones culturales y sociales, y por la desconfianza que han generado las prácticas ilegales en las actividades de sacrificio y comercialización, su consumo ha sido cuestionado en muchos países. Por ello es necesario implementar estrategias que permitan estandarizar la cadena productiva de este tipo de carne, para obtener un alimento con los estándares de calidad requeridos por el mercado y los consumidores..

Revisión sistemática de la eficacia y seguridad del suplemento con ácidos grasos omega 3 y omega 6 en los trastornos del neurodesarrollo / Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acid supplementation in developmental neurological disorders

Introducción. La información disponible en las guías clínicas y artículos de revisión es controversial e insuficiente para conocer la eficacia clínica del suplemento con ácidos grasos omega 3 y omega 6 en los trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Es importante conocer y profundizar dicha información, ya que este podría constituir un tratamiento adicional eficaz para los trastornos mencionados. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática con base en los lineamientos del grupo Cochrane: mediante la búsqueda de ensayos clínicos, en inglés y español, en diversas bases de datos (Medline, Cochrane Data Base, etcétera), desde 1990 hasta 2011, de pacientes en edad pediátrica que cumplieran con la información requerida por el grupo CONSORT. Resultados. Se encontraron 102 publicaciones; de estas, se eligieron cinco ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, doble ciego, con placebo como control, para la realización de la revisión. Se encontraron diferencias en la mejoría clínica, sin resultar significativas en la mejoría de los síntomas del trastorno por déficit de atención entre el grupo control y el del tratamiento. No se reportó ningún efecto adverso grave. Las características de las poblaciones de los diferentes estudios fueron muy heterogéneas. Conclusiones. Con los resultados obtenidos no se logró afirmar categóricamente que el suplemento con ácidos grasos omega 3 y omega 6 presente eficacia significativa, debido a las diferentes características de los estudios ya descritos. Sin embargo, con base en la mejoría clínica y el adecuado perfil de seguridad, el suplemento, aunado al tratamiento farmacológico, podría resultar benéfico para el paciente.

Background. Available information on clinical guidelines and review articles is controversial and is insufficient to determine the clinical efficacy of supplementation with omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids in neurodevelopmental disorders. Additional treatment may be effective for the treatment of these disorders. Methods. We conducted a systematic review based on the guidelines of the Cochrane group by searching for clinical trials in MEDLINE, COCHRANE DATA-BASE in the time interval 1990 to 2011, in English and Spanish, and in pediatric patients that comply with the information required by the CONSORT group. One hundred and two articles were obtained; 97 articles were excluded choosing five randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials to perform the review. Results. In the trials analyzed we found no significant difference in the improvement of ADHD symptoms between placebo group and the intervention, but there was clear clinical improvement. No serious adverse events were reported. There are no similar characteristics in the reviewed articles to carry out a meta-analysis and accurate assessment of the effectiveness of supplementation. Conclusions. With the results of this systematic review, we cannot state categorically that the use of this supplementation is significantly effective due to the different characteristics of the studies described above. However, due to clinical improvement and adequate safety profile, it may be useful without replacing pharmacological treatment.

Consumo de óleo de peixe na resposta inflamatória em ratos submetidos a esplenectomia total isolada ou combinada com autoimplante esplênico e à indução de sepse abdominal / Consumption of fish oil on inflammatory response in rats submitted to total splenectomy or combined with autoimplantation spleen and induction of abdominal sepsis

Em órgãos potencialmente importantes na resposta imune, como o baço, alternativas como o autoimplante de segmentos esplênicos, quando a esplenectomia total torna-se necessária, e a utilização de nutrientes com funcionalidade imunomoduladora vêm sendo estudadas, objetivando minimizar o efeito pró-inflamatório persistente da sepse abdominal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de óleo de peixe na modulação da resposta inflamatória em animais submetidos a esplenectomia total isolada ou combinada com autoimplante esplênico e à indução de sepse abdominal, verificando a possível otimização na resposta pró-inflamatória e a regeneração funcional do autoimplante. Utilizamos 64 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, com peso variando entre 140-200 g, aleatoriamente distribuídos em oito grupos: quatro grupos-controle (100% óleo de soja) e quatro grupos-intervenção (35% de óleo de peixe), cada um com oito animais. Os dos grupos-controle (animais alimentados com ração purificada, segundo AIN-93, com conteúdo lipídico constituído por 100% óleo de soja) foram: I – sem intervenção cirúrgica e, 16 semanas após, submetidos à indução de sepse abdominal; II – esplenectomia total isolada e, 16 semanas após, submetidos à indução de sepse abdominal; III – esplenectomia total combinada com autoimplante esplênico e, 16 semanas após, submetidos à indução de sepse abdominal; e IV – esplenectomia total combinada com autoimplante esplênico e, oito semanas após, submetidos à indução de sepse abdominal. Os dos grupos-intervenção (V a VIII) foram submetidos a procedimentos similares aos executados nos grupos I a IV, respectivamente, sendo a única modificação fundamentada na substituição de 35% do conteúdo lipídico da alimentação dos animais por óleo de peixe. Todos os animais foram submetidos a sepse induzida por ligadura e perfuração cecal (CLP). Coletamos amostras sanguíneas de todos os animais antes da indução da sepse (período 1) e 2 e 4 horas (períodos 2 e 3...

In organs potentially important in the immune response, like the spleen, alternatives such as autotransplantation of splenic segments, when the total splenectomy becomes necessary, and the use of nutrients with immunomodulatory function have been studied, trying to minimize the effect of pro-inflammatory persistent abdominal sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of consumption of fish oil in modulating the inflammatory response in animals submitted to total splenectomy alone or combined with spleen autotransplantation and the induction of sepsis, verifying the possible optimization in the proinflammatory response and the functional regeneration of the autotransplant. We used 64 male Wistar rats, weighing between 140-200 g, were randomly distributed into eight groups: four control-groups (100% soybean oil) and four intervention-groups (35% fish oil), each one with ten animals. The rats in control groups (animals fed with purified according to the AIN-93 with lipid content consisting of 100% soybean oil) : I – without surgical intervention, and 16 weeks after, submitted to the induction of abdominal sepsis II – total spleenectomy alone, and 16 weeks after, submitted to the induction of abdominal sepsis; III – total splenectomy combined with spleen autotransplantation, and 16 weeks after, submitted to the induction of abdominal sepsis; and IV – total splenectomy combined with spleen autotransplantation, and 8 weeks after, submitted to the induction of abdominal sepsis. The rats in intervention groups (V to VIII) were subjected to similar procedures performed in groups I to IV, respectively, being the only modification based on the substitution of 35% of the lipid content of animal feed for fish oil. All animals were subjected to sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We collected blood samples from all animals before the induction of sepsis (period 1) and 2 and 4 hours (periods 2 and 3) after the induction of abdominal...

O papel dos ácidos graxos essenciais no perfil de eicosanoides e sua repercussão na resposta imune / The role of essential fatty acids on the eicosanoids profile and its impact on immune response

Dietary lipids, especially essential fatty acids are subject of great interest to the scientific community due to their role in the of eicosanoids formation.The purpose of this review was to investigate the role of essential fatty acidsin the profile of eicosanoids synthesized in the body and its effect on immune response, specifically in inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. The omega-3 and omega-6 families of fatty acids are structurally and functionally distinct, leading to the formation of metabolites with different physiological activities. Through the action of specific enzymes, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, linoleic acid is a precursor of 2-series prostaglandins and 4-series leukotrienes, which are highly active mediators of inflammation, whereas ?-linolenic acid produce the 3-seriesprostaglandins and 5-series leukotrienes, compounds with anti-inflammatory action in the body. These compounds are involved in the development of several infl ammatory and autoimmune diseases, and theproportion in which the essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are present in the diet will defi ne the profile of eicosanoids generated, thus contributing to the progression or control of diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. The lack of specifi c benchmarksfor the consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for each disease and limited data about the concentration of different fatty acids in food are challenges that must be overcome in future research.

Los lípidos de la dieta, especialmente los ácidos grasos esenciales, han representado tema de gran interés para la comunidad científica debido a su papel en la formación de eicosanoides. El objetivo de esta revisión fue investigar el papel de los ácidos grasos esenciales en el perfil deeicosanoides sintetizados en el organismo y suefecto sobre la respuesta inmune, específicamenteen los cuadros inflamatorios y enfermedades autoinmunes. Las familias de los ácidos grasos omega-3 y omega-6 son estructuralmente y funcionalmente distintas, y conducen a la formación de metabolitos con actividad fisiológica diferente. Por medio de la acción de enzimas específicas, la ciclooxigenasas y lalipoxigenasas, el ácido linoleico es un precursor de las prostaglandinas de la serie 2 y leucotrienosde la serie 4, que son muy activos mediadores de la inflamación, mientras que el ácido ?-linolénico forma prostaglandinas de la serie 3 y leucotrienos de la serie 5, compuestos conacción anti inflamatoria en el organismo. Estos compuestos están involucrados en el desarrollo de varias enfermedades inflamatorias y autoinmunes, y la proporción en que los ácidos grasos esenciales, omega-3 y omega-6, aparecenen la dieta define el perfil de eicosanoides generados, lo que contribuye al progreso o alcontrol de enfermedades como asma, artritis reumatoide y ateriosclerosis. La falta deparámetros de consumo de ácidos grasosomega-3 y omega-6 específicos para cadaenfermedad y los datos limitados sobre la concentración de los diferentes ácidos grasos en alimentos son desafios que deben ser superados en futuras investigaciones.

Os lipídios dietéticos, em especial os ácidos graxos essenciais, têm representado tema de grande interesse para a comunidade científica devido ao seu papel na formação de eicosanoides. Diante disso, o objetivo da presente revisão foi investigar o papel desses ácidos graxos no perfil de eicosanoides sintetizados no organismo e sua repercussão na resposta imune, especificamente em quadros inflamatórios e de doenças autoimunes. As famílias de ácidos graxos ômega-6 e ômega-3 são estruturalmente e funcionalmente distintas, levando à formação de metabólitos com atividade fisiológica diferente. Por meio da ação de enzimas específicas, cicloxigenases e lipoxigenases, ácido linoléico é precursor de prostaglandinas da série 2 e leucotrienos da série 4, os quais são mediadores altamente ativos na inflamação, enquanto que, o ácido ?-linolênicoforma prostaglandinas da série 3 e leucotrienosda série 5, compostos com ação anti-inflamatória no organismo. Tais compostos estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento de várias doenças de natureza inflamatória e auto-imune, e a proporção com que os ácidos graxos essencia isômega-6 e ômega-3 aparecem na dieta definirá o perfil de eicosanoides gerados, contribuindo para a progressão ou o controle de doenças como asma, artrite reumatóide e aterosclerose. A ausência de parâmetros de referência de consumo de ácidos graxos essenciais específicos para cada enfermidade e a limitação de informações relativas à concentração dos diferentes ácidos graxos em alimentos representam desafios que devem ser superados com pesquisas futuras.

Efeito antiedematogênico de óleos contendo ácidos graxos ômega-3 e 6 em camundongos / Antiedematous effect of oils containing the fatty acids omega-3 and 6 in mice

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito antiedematogênico tópico de óleos de semente de girassol, de uva, de prímula e óleo de peixe marinho, os quais apresentam em sua composição os ácidos graxos insaturados das famílias ômega-6 e ômega-3. Os ensaios farmacológicos, conduzidos nas orelhas dos camundongos, foram realizados após a aplicação prévia de um agente edematogênico, o óleo de cróton, e posterior tratamento com os óleos vegetais e de peixe utilizando o controle positivo (aplicação de dexametasona) e o controle negativo (aplicação de solução acetona/água 70:30). Os resultados revelaram valores de redução do edema em 31,5%, 29,2%, 20,4% e 7,3% para os óleos de girassol, uva, prímula e peixe, respectivamente, quando comparado ao grupo-controle negativo. Os óleos de girassol, uva e prímula, quando associados ao veículo cáprico-caprílico, mostraram melhora significativa no efeito antiedematogênico, com valores de redução do edema em 38,2% 40,6% e 30,2%, respectivamente (P<0,05). Portanto, foi evidenciado que o ácido linoleico, o principal ácido graxo da família ômega-6 presente nas amostras, associado com os ácidos caprílico e cáprico possui potente ação antiedematogênica tópica. Este efeito não foi observado para os ácidos graxos de cadeia longa da família ômega-3 presentes no óleo marinho.

Transgenic Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Mammalian Cells / 生物化学与生物物理进展

Linoleic acid (C18∶2n-6) and ?-linolenic acid (C18∶3n-3) are found widely in fungi, plants and some lower animals. However, they can not be synthesized in mammals due to lack of △12 and ?-3 fatty acid desaturases. To enable endogenous production of essential fatty acids in mammalian cells, here the stable expression of a Caenorhabditis elegans gene FAT-2 encoding △12 fatty acid desaturase in CHO cells was reported. First, the FAT-2 coding sequence was cloned by RT-PCR. To facilitate high level synthesis of heterogeneous protein, the codon usage of the fatty acid desaturase genes was optimized according to the codon preference of mouse by site-directed mutagenesis, 2 synonymous mutations were introduced into FAT-2 gene by overlapping PCR. The codon-modified gene was finally fused to pBudCE4.1 vector (Invitrogen) under the control of CMV promoter. The expression vector pBudCE-FAT2 was linearized with NheⅠ, and then transfected CHO cells, the cells were under Zeocin selection for nine days and then propagated, then the transfected cells were harvested. The genome and total RNA were isolated for PCR and Norhern blot ananlysis. The results revealed that FAT-2 gene has been integrated into the genome of CHO cells and expressed properly. Fatty acids of total cellular lipids were analyzed by gas chromatography. The results indicate that the expression and function of △-12 fatty acid desaturase resulted in accumulation of linoleic acid. The levels of linoleic acid in transgenic cells were 2.4-fold higher than those in wild-type cells. The moderate linoleic acid in CHO cells was derived from cell culture media uptaken by cell membrane. The results demonstrate that a heterogenous desaturase gene can function well in mammalian cells and prove that transgenic approach is an efficient strategy for changing fatty acid composition of mammals.

Comparação entre óleo de borragem e óleo de girassol quanto à eficácia no tratamento de mulheres com mastalgia cíclica / Comparison of borage oil and sunflower oil according to the efficacy for the treatment of women with cyclical mastalgia

A mastalgia cíclica constitui freqüente e exagerado processo fisiológico, recorrente na fase lútea do ciclo menstrual. Quando intensa, passa a comprometer a qualidade de vida da mulher, por interferir em suas atividades cotidianas. Com o objetivo de determinar, comparativamente, a efetividade e os possíveis efeitos dos óleos de borragem e de girassol, no tratamento da mastalgia cíclica moderada à intensa, foi realizado um estudo aleatório, duplo cego, tipo ensaio clínico, no período de fevereiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2002, envolvendo 111 mulheres. Mensalmente, a intensidade de dor mamária foi avaliada por escala visual analógica (EVA). As participantes foram subdivididas em dois grupos, segundo medicamento administrado, a saber, 56 em uso de cápsulas de óleo de borragem e 55 de óleo de girassol, ambos na dose de 1 cápsula ao dia, durante três meses. Ao final do tratamento, a evolução das intensidades de dor de cada paciente foi avaliada pelo Cardiff Breast Score, para determinação da responsividade terapêutica. A taxa de resposta terapêutica foi 71,4% e 76,4%, respectivamente para o óleo de borragem e de girassol, não havendo diferença, estatisticamente significativa, entre os medicamentos. A cefaléia, o estresse percebido e o edema mamário reduziram-se em ambos os grupos. Três mulheres do grupo do óleo de girassol apresentaram sangramento vaginal profuso. Concluiu-se que ambos os medicamentos foram eficazes no tratamento da mastalgia cíclica moderada à intensa. São necessários estudos adicionais para determinar a relação custo/benefício do óleo de girassol.

Cyclical mastalgia is a frequent condition and represents an exacerbation of the physiological process, recurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. When it is intense, it impairs a woman's quality of life, because if interferes on her daily activities. In order to make a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness and adverse effects of borage and sunflower oils in the treatment of moderate to severe cyclical mastalgia, a double-blind randomized study of clinical trial type was carried out between February 2001 and December 2002 involving 111 women. The intensity of breast pain was assessed on a monthly basis by means of the analogic visual scale. The participants were subdivided as follows into two groups according to the drug administered: 56 were given borage oil tablets and 55 sunflower oil, 1 tablet per day for both groups over a period of three months. At the end of the treatment, the evolution in the intensity of the pain of each patient was compared with the Cardiff Breast Score for an assessment of the responsiveness to treatment. The responsiveness rates were 71.4% and 76.4%, respectively for the borage and sunflower oil groups, no statistically significant differences being found. Although headache, perceived stress and mammary edema had reduzed in both groups; uterine bleeding occurred in three patients, as a serious side effect of sunflower oil. Further studies, however, are needed to determine the cost-benefit ratio of sunflower oil.

Omega 3 y su accion terapeutica en el sindrome de ojo seco / Omega 3 and its therapy in the Dry eye syndrome

Los acidos grasos esenciales Omega 3 y Omega 6 tienen efectos competitivos e inhibitorios en el organismo. Mientras el primero activa como antiinflamorio, el segundo tiene un derivado clave en la cascada inflamatoria: el acido araquidonico. Por tanto se plantea el omega 3 como terap¨¦utico en el proceso inflamatorio del S¨ªndrome de Ojo Seco.

Polyunsaturated essential fatty acids Omega 3 and omega © have a competitive inhibitory effect in the organism. The term non©inflammatory refers to a diet rich in Omega 3. There are reports of benefits of Omega © essential fatty acid supplementation for patient with inflammatory Dry Eye Syndrome. Omega 6 fatly acid is converted to arachidonic acid which cascades into the chemistry of inflammation and immunologic responses.

Effects and significance of essential fatty acids on contents of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in rat brain tissues / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the effects of essential fatty acids(EFA)on the contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the brain tissues of rats. Methods A total of 30 neonatal rats, 1 month old, were randomly divided into normal, EFA deficiency and fish oil supplement groups and given different feeding stuff for 3 months respectively. The contents of EPA and DHA in brain tissues were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results As compared with normal group, the contents of EPA and DHA in EFA deficient group were significantly decreased(P